International Scientific Conference Squaring the Circle : the New Global Dynamics (2026) [pp. 175-177]
AUTHOR(S) / АУТОР(И): Markku Kangaspuro 
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46793/7067.3731.175K
ABSTRACT / САЖЕТАК:
Following Russia’s attack on Ukraine, the geopolitical landscape in Northern Europe has shifted significantly, prompting Finland and Sweden to revise their security doctrines. Finland became a NATO member on April 4, 2023, and Sweden on March 7, 2024. Historically neutral, their NATO membership and Defense Cooperation Agreement (DCA) with the USA mark a profound change in security policy, redrawing the geopolitical landscape of the Baltic Sea and the Arctic. The Arctic, previously a region of limited military tension, is now expected to see increased military activity from both Russia, USA and NATO.