ПРОШИРИВАЊЕ ЛИСТЕ ЕУ ЗЛОЧИНА НА ГОВОР МРЖЊЕ И ЗЛОЧИН МРЖЊЕ

Усклађивање правног система Србије са стандардима Европске уније (2024) (стр. 351-368)

АУТОР(И) / AUTHOR(S): Снежана Соковић

Download Full Pdf   

DOI: 10.46793/UPSSXII.351S

САЖЕТАК / ABSTRACT:

Кривично право ЕУ инкриминише криминалитет мржње само уколико је повезан са ограниченим скупом заштићених карактеристика као што су раса и етничка припадност. ЕУ тренутно нема надлежност да криминализује говор мржње и злочин из мржње на темељу основа који нису обухваћени Оквирном одлуком o расизму и ксенофобији. Инкриминације мржње у погледу осталих заштићених група (сексуална оријентација, род, пол, инвалидност, старосна доб, и слично) значајно се разликују на нивоу националног законодавства држава чланица, што жртве злочина мржње доводи у неједнаку позицију у односу на подршку и права гарантована правом ЕУ и отежава полицијску и правосудну сарадању. У контексту неусклађених националних система и друштвене динамике кроз коју се развија нормализација мржње евидентна је потреба за вишим нивоом усклађености кривичних дела и кривичних санкција које се односе на злочин мржње и говор мржње. У раду се указује на деликатност регулисања злочина мржње у савременим кривичном праву ЕУ и анализирају процедуралне и садржинске карактеристике иницијативе за проширење  листе „злочина ЕУ“ на говор мржње и злочин мржње.

КЉУЧНЕ РЕЧИ / KEYWORDS:

злочин мржње, говор мржње, криминализација мржње, листа злочина ЕУ, хармонизација кривичног права

ЛИТЕРАТУРА / REFERENCES:

  • Bar-Tal, D., Halperin, E., De Rivera, J., Collective emotions in conflict situations: Societal implications, Journal of Social Issues, no. 63(2)/2007.
  • Brown, A., Models of Governance of Online Hate Speech, Council of Europe, May 2020.
  • Vendrell Ferran, Í., Hate: toward a Four-Types Model, Review of Philosophy and Psychology, no. 15/2024.
  • Garland, J., Funell, C., Defining Hate Crime Internationally: Issues and Conundrums, The Globalization of Hate (Internationalising Hate Crime), ed. Schweppe, J., Wallters, M. A., Oxford, 2016.
  • Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing  minimum standard on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA.
  • Dunbar, E., Quinones, J., Crevecoeur, D. A., Assessment of hate crime perpetrators: The role of bias intent in examining violence risk, Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, vol. 5, no. 1/2005.
  • European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI): General Policy Recommendation no. 15 on Combating Hate Speech, Council of Europe, 2016.
  • European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Ypma, P., Drevon, C., Fulcher, C., Gascon, O. et al. Study to support the preparation of the European Commission’s initiative to extend the list of EU crimes in Article 83 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU to hate speech and hate crime – Final report, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/04029.
  • European Parliament, Extending the list of EU crimes to hate speech and hate crime, 2023/2068(INI); Јoint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council No place for hate: a Europe united against hatred, JOIN/2023/51.
  • European Parliament resolution of 18 January 2024 on extending the list of EU crimes to hate speech and hate crime (2023/2068(INI))
  • EPRS, Unlocking the potential of the EU Treaties: An article-by-article analysis of the scope for action, 2020.“Impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons” (https://undocs.org/A/75/205).
  • OSCE ODHIR, Hate Crime Laws: A Practical Guide, Warsaw, 2009.
  • Perry, B., Alvi, S., ‘We are all vulnerable’: The in terrorem effects of hate crimes, International Review of Victimology, no. 18(1)/2012.
  • Peršak, N., Criminalising Hate Crime and Hate Speech at EU Level: Extending the List of Eurocrimes Under Article 83(1) TFEU, Crim Law Forum, no. 33/2022.
  • Rempel, J. K., Burris, C. T., Fathi, D., Hate: Evidence for a motivational conceptualization, Motivation and emotion, no. 43/2014.
  • Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law [COM(2014) 27 final of 27.1.2014.
  • Roadmap – Ares(2021)1431474.
  • Roberts, C., Innes, M., Williams, M., Tregidga, J., Gadd, D., Understanding who commits hate crime and why they do it, Welsh Government SocialResearch, 2013. http://www.mesmacnortheast.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/08/understanding-who-commits -hate-crime-and-whythey-do-it-en.pdf, приступ: септембар 2024.
  • Szanto, T., In hate we trust: The collectivization and habitualization of hatred, Phenomenology and Cognitive Science, no. 19/2020.
  • Schweppe, J., Perry, B., A continuum of hate: delimiting the field of hate studies, Crime, Law аnd Social Change, no. 77/2022.
  • Schweppe, J., What is a hate crime?, Cogent Social Sciences, no. 7(1)/2021, Art. 1902643.
  • Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007, OJ C 306, 17.12.2007.
  • Unmasking bias motives in crimes: selected cases of the European Court of Human Rights, FRA, 2018.
  • Farrell, A., Lockwood, S., Addressing Hate Crime in the 21st Century: Trends, Threats, and Opportunities  for Intervention, Annual Review of Criminology, no. 6/2023.
  • Fischer, A., Halperin, E., Canetti, D., Jasini, A., Why We Hate, Emotion Review, no. 10(4)/2018.
  • Halperin, E., Intergroup Hatred: Psychological Dimensions, The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology, 2011. D.J. Christie (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp138
  • Хофер, Е., Прави верник, мисли о природи масовних покрета, Ниш, 2004.
  • Chakraborti, N., Garland, J., Reconceptualising hate crime victimization through the lens of vulnerability and “Difference”, Theoretical Criminology, vol. 16, no. 4/2012.
  • Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law, OJ L 328, 6.12.2008.
  • Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ETS No. 005), Charter of  Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2012/C 326/02.
  • Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. A more inclusive and protective Europe: extending the list of EU crimes to hate speech and hate crime, COM/2021/777. ANNEX to the Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council a More Inclusive and Protective Europe: Extending the List of EU Crimes to Hate Speech and Hate Crime COM(2021) 777.
  • Walters, M. A., A general theories of hate crime: Strain, doing difference and self control, Critical Criminology, vol. 19, no. 4/2011.
  • Walters, М. А., Brown, R., Wiedlitzka, S., Causes andmotivations ofhate crime, Equality and Human Rights Commission Research, report 102, 2016. FRA, “Hate crime recording and data collection practice across the EU”, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018. UN SC, “Impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons” (https://undocs.org/A/75/205).