Law in the process of globalisation (2018), (стр. 23-48)
АУТОР: Allan F. Tatham
Е-АДРЕСА: allanftatham@yahoo.co.uk
DOI: 10.46793/LawPG.023T
САЖЕТАК:
The dynamics associated with guaranteeing the judicial independence and accountability of judges sitting on the benches of national and international courts can be seen to be different in many aspects. The guarantee of these two concepts for judiciaries sitting on the courts of regional economic communities could be seen as forming a hybrid of the situation existing on national and international benches. With an increasing numbers of regional courts and the need to find ways of ensuring independence and accountability of their members, regional economic communities have adapted the judicial council model as one aspect of their commitment to these concepts. The present work contextualizes the adaptation of the model within three such regional communities: the Caribbean Community; the European Union; and the Economic Community of West African States. It argues that variations of the judicial council model are an important contribution to establishing some form of judicial independence for the regional bench while acknowledging that the political accountability of such bench tends to remain in the hands of the regional executive rather than of any regional parliamentary assembly.
КЉУЧНЕ РЕЧИ:
regional courts, judicial ial independence, judicial accountability, regional integration.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
- Alter, K. J., Helfer, L. R. and J. R. McAllister, J. R., A New International Human Rights Court for West Africa: The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 107/4, 2013.
- Antoine, R., Waiting to Exhale, Nova Law Review, Vol. 29(2), 2005.
- Arnull, A., The European Union and its Court of Justice, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
- Bell, J., European Perspectives on a Judicial Appointments Commission, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Vol. 6, 2003-2004.
- Bell, J., Judicial Cultures and Judicial Independence, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Vol. 4, 2001.
- Bernard, D. P., The Caribbean Court of Justice: A New Judicial Experience, International Journal of Legal Information, Vol. 37, 2009, .
- Brice, S.H., Judicial Independence and Accountability Symposium: Foreword, Southern California Law Review, Vol. 72, 1998-1999.
- Brown, C., The Evolution and Application of Rules Concerning Independence of the ‘International Judiciary’, The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, Vol. 2, 2003.
- Charnowitz, S., Judicial Independence in the World Trade Organization, in: International Organizations and International Dispute Settlement (eds. L. Boisson de Chazournes, C. Romano & R. Mackenzie), Brill Publishers, Leiden, 2002.
- Contini, F. & Mohr, R., Reconciling independence and accountability in judicial systems, Utrecht Law Review, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2007.
- Davis, R., Electing Justice: Fixing the Supreme Court Nomination Process, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
- de Waele, H., Not Quite the Bed that Procrustes Built? Dissecting the System for Selecting Judges at the Court of Justice of the European Union, in: Selecting Europe’s Judges: A Critical Appraisal of Appointment Processes to the European Courts (ed. M. Bobek), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, chap. 2.
- Ebobrah, S. T., Litigating Human Rights before Sub-regional Courts in Africa, African Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 17, 2009.
- Garoupa, N. & Ginsburg, T., Guarding the Guardians: Judicial Councils and Judicial Independence, American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 57, 2009.
- Gathii, J., The Under-appreciated Jurisprudence of Africa’s Regional Trade Judiciaries, Oregon Review of International Law, Vol. 12, 2010.
- Guarnieri, C., Appointment and Career of Judges in Continental Europe: The Rise of Judicial Self-Government, Legal Studies, Vol. 24, 2004.
- Hudson, M. O., International Tribunals, Past and Future, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1944.
- Kamto, M., Les cours de justice des communautés et des organisations d’intégration économiques africains, African Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 6, 1998.
- Lang, A., A new UK judge for the European Court of Human Rights, House of Commons Library, Briefing Paper No. 7589, 7 June 2016, <file:///C:/Documents% 20and%20Settings/00070313/Mis%20documentos/Downloads/CBP-7589.pdf> accessed 10 June 2016.
- Lenaerts, K., Some Thoughts About the Interaction Between Judges and Politicians in the European Community, Yearbook of European Law, Vol. 12, 1991.
- Malleson, K., Assessing the Performance of the South African Judicial Service Commission, South African Law Journal, Vol. 116, 1999.
- Malleson, K., Creating a Judicial Appointments Commission: Which Model Works Best?, Public Law, 2003.
- Malleson, K., Promoting Judicial Independence in the International Courts: Lessons from the Caribbean, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 58, 2009.
- Lord Mance, The Composition of the European Court of Justice, talk given to the United Kingdom Association for European Law, 19 October 2011, https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/speech_111019.pdf> accessed 9 June 2016.
- March Hunnings, N., The European Courts, Cartermill, London, 1996.
- McDonald, S. A., The Caribbean Court of Justice: Enhancing the Law of International Organizations, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 27, 2003-2004.
- McDonald, S., The Caribbean Court of Justice: Enhancing the Law of International Organizations, The Caribbean Law Publishing Company, Ltd., Kingston, 2005.
- Neville Brown, L. & T. Kennedy, The Court of Justice of the European Communities, 5th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2000.
- Ojomo, E, Competing Competences in Adjudication: Reviewing the Relationship between the ECOWAS Court and National Courts, African Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 7, 2014.
- Olowofoyeku, A., Accountability versus Independence: The Impact of Judicial Immunity, in: Independence, Accountability and the Judiciary, (eds. G. Canivet, M. Andenas & D. Fairgrieve), British Institute of International and Comparative Law, London, 2006.
- Pollard, D., The Caribbean Court of Justice: Closing the Circle of Independence, The Caribbean Law Publishing Co., Ltd., Kingston, 2004.
- Rawlins, H., The Caribbean Court of Justice: The History and Analysis of the Debate, CARICOM, Georgetown, 2000.
- Rozès, S., Independence of Judges of the Court of Justice of the European Communities, in: Judicial Independence: The Contemporary Debate (eds. S. Shetreet & J. Deschenes), Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1985, chap. 46.
- Sauvé, J.-M., Le rôle du comité 255 dans le sélection du juge de l’Union, in: The Court of Justice and the Construction of Europe: Analyses and Perspectives on Sixty Years of Case-law (eds. A. Rosas, E. Levits & Y. Bot), Asser Press and Springer Verlag, The Hague/Berlin/Heidelberg, 2013.
- Shelton, D., Legal Norms to Promote the Independence and Accountability of International Tribunals, The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals , Vol. 2, 2003.
- Tarr, G.A., Without Fear or Favor: Judicial Independence and Judicial Accountability in the States, Stanford University Press, Stanford (CA), 2012.
- Tatham, A. F., The Effect of European Community Directives in France: the Development of the Cohn-Bendit Jurisprudence, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 40, 1991.
- Wood, M., The Selection of Candidates for International Judicial Office: Recent Practice, in: Law of the Sea, Environment and Settlement of Disputes: Liber Amicorum Judge Thomas A. Mensah (eds. T.M. Ndiaye & R. Wolfrum), Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2007.
- Zbíral, R., Czech Constitutional Court, judgment of 31 January 2012, Pl. ÚS 5/12: A Legal revolution or negligible episode? Court of Justice decision proclaimed ultra vires, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 49, 2012.