A SHORT OVERVIEW OF THE PRODUCTION AND USAGE OF CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIALS IN ANCIENT VIMINACIUM

XXIX kongres DIMK i X kongres SIGP sa Međunarodnim simpozijumom o istraživanjima i primeni savremenih dostignuća u građevinarstvu u oblasti materijala i konstrukcija (2025) [pp. 19-29]

AUTHOR(S) / AUTOR(I): Ljubomir Jevtović , Nemanja Mrđić , Emilija Nikolić

Download Full Pdf   

DOI: 10.46793/29DIMK.019J

ABSTRACT / SAŽETAK:

Favourable physical characteristics, modularity and standardised, but still various forms and sizes, as well as the aesthetic values, made fired brick one of the most valuable historical building materials. Local geological setting and army organisation made it possible for the Roman Viminacium construction industry to obtain quality raw material in sufficient quantity and easily combine it into a final product. Its CBM production started in the early 2nd century and declined in the end of the 3rd century, although its products were used much longer, for the construction and covering of the walls, arches and vaults, floors and roofs, as well as for water and heating systems. The vast majority of the bricks for funeral masonry constructions, were already used, confirming the rationality in Roman building practice, offering an example of the circular economy we strive for today.

KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE REČI:

Viminacium, Roman fired brick, CBM, reuse

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / PROJEKAT:

REFERENCES / LITERATURA:

  • Spencer A. J: Brick Architecture in Ancient Egypt, Warminster, 1979.
  • Wright G. R. H: Ancient building technology Volume 3: Construction, Boston: 2009.
  • Jevtović Lj: Production of ceramic building material in ancient Viminacium, Starinar LXXII, Beograd, 2022, pp.133–154.
  • Mirković M: Rimski gradovi na Dunavu u gornjoj Meziji, Beograd, 1968.
  • Popović V: Uvod u topografiju Viminacijuma, Starinar XVIII/1967, Beograd, 1968, pp. 29–50.
  • Mirković M: IMS II – Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure II, Beograd, 1986, pp.36–37.
  • Spasić–Đurić D: Grad Viminacijum, Požarevac, 2015.
  • Valtrović M: Otkopavanja u Kostolcu, Starinar I, Beograd, 1884, pp.3–14, 49–63; 89–104; 119–142.
  • Vasić M: Izveštaj o iskopavanju u Kostolcu u 1903. Godini, Godišnjak S.K.A. 17, Beograd, 1904, pp. 248–259.
  • Zotović Lj: Viminacium, Arheološki pregled 15, Beograd, 1973, pp. 47–50.
  • Kondić V, Zotović Lj: Viminacium – rezultati arheoloških istraživanja u 1974. godini, Arheološki pregled 16, Beograd, 1974, pp.94–97.
  • Zotović LJ: Južne nekropole Viminacijuma i pogrebni obredi, Viminacium I, Požarevac, 1986, pp.41–60.
  • Zotović LJ, Jordović, Č: Viminacium: nekropola „Više grobalja“, Beograd, 1990.
  • Korać M, Golubović S: Viminacium Više grobalja 2, Beograd, 2009.
  • Blagojević M, Spasić–Đurić D, Nikolić–Đorđević S: Viminacijum – zaštitna arheološka iskopavanja u 2001. Godini, Glasnik Društva konzervatora Srbije 26, Beograd, 2002, pp.78–81.
  • Korać M: Viminacium urbs et castra legionis: research, protection, presentation and valorization, Belgrade, 2019.
  • Jordović Č: Grnčarski i ciglarski centar u Viminacijumu, Saopštenja XXVI, Beograd, 1994, pp.95–105.
  • Jevtović Lj: Opekarska delatnost VII Klaudijeve legije, Unpublished PhD thesis; University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 2023.
  • Jevtović Lj, Danković I: An overview of the CBM industries of ancient Viminacium, Roman Pottery and Glass Manufactures: Production and Trade in the Adriatic Region and Beyond Proceedings of the 4th International Archaeological Colloquium (Crikvenica, 8–9 November 2017), Archaeopress, 2022, pp.117–124.
  • Danković I, Milovanović B, Mikić I: Zaštitna arheološka iskopavanja na lokalitetu Pirivoj (Viminacijum) 2016. Godine, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2016. godini, Beograd, 2018, pp.35–42.
  • Jovičić M, Milovanović B: Roman brick kiln from the eastern necropolis of Viminacium, Arheologija i Prirodne nauke 12 (2016), Beograd, 2017, pp.19–38.
  • Raičković A, Redžić S: Keramičke i opekarske peći Viminacijuma – Lokacije ,,Pećine“ i ,,Livade kod ćuprije“, Arheologija i prirodne nauke 1, Beograd, 2006, pp.81–106.
  • Raičković A: Keramičke posude zanatskog centra iz Viminacijuma, Beograd, 2007.
  • Redžić S, Jovičić M, Mrđić N, Rogić D: Zaštitna arheološka istraživanja na lokalitetu Pećine (Viminacijum) 2016. godine, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2016. godini, Beograd, 2018, pp.79–90.
  • Redžić S, Kosanović I, Jovičić M, Jevtović Lj: New evidence of brick production at Viminacium, 24. Limes Congress Serbia 02–09 September 2018 Belgrade –Viminacium, Book of abstracts, Belgrade, Belgrade, 2018, p.64.
  • Redžić S, Kosanović I, Jovičić M, Jevtović Lj: New Evidence for Brick Production at Viminacium, in prep.
  • Jovičić M, Redžić S: Late Roman villa on the site Livade kod Ćuprije – A contribution to the study of villae rusticae in the vicinity of Viminacium, Arheologija i Prirodne nauke 7 (2011), Beograd, 2012, pp.369–386.
  • Jurišić A: Arheološki radovi – rimske ciglane u Novom Kostolcu. Saopštenja I, Beograd, 1956, pp.123–138.
  • Orlov G: Teritorija bivšeg Viminacijuma kao numizmatičko nalazište. Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta V/1, Beograd, 1960, pp.313–321.
  • Mrđić N: Topografija i urbanizacija Viminacijuma, Unpublished master thesis; University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 2009.
  • Nikolić S, Stojić G, Marjanović M, Bogdanović I, Jevtović Lj: Istraživanja na lokalitetu Čair – castrum (Viminacijum) 2017. godine, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2017. godini, Beograd, 2019, pp.125–134.
  • Mrđić N, Marjanović M, Golubović S: Legijski logor u Viminacijumu: Arheološka istraživanja u zoni principije u 2020. godini, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2020. godini, Beograd, 2021, pp.73–89.
  • Nikolić E, Delić–Nikolić I, Jovičić M, Miličić Lj, Mijatović N: Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials in A Historical Landscape – Viminacium Natural Brick (Serbia), Sustainability 15, 2824, 2023, pp.1–38.
  • Nikolić S, Stojić G, Marjanović M: Legijski logor u Viminacijumu: Arheološka istraživanja u zoni zapadnog bedema u 2018. godini, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2018. godini, Beograd, 2021, pp145–157.
  • Stojić G, Marjanović M: Legijski logor u Viminacijumu: Arheološka istraživanja u zoni zapadnog bedema u 2019. godini, Arh.u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2019. godini, Beograd, 2021, pp.105–119.
  • Nikolić S., Stojić G, Marjanović M., Bogdanović I., Jevtović Lj: Istraživanja na lokalitetu Čair – castrum (Viminacijum) 2017. godine, Arheologija u Srbiji. Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2017. godini, Beograd, 2019, pp.125–134.
  • Bogdanović I, Jevtović Lj, Stojić G: Legijski logor u Viminacijumu: Arheološka istraživanja severozapadnog dela utvrđenja u 2019. godini, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2019. godini, Beograd, 2021, pp.89–104.
  • Bogdanović I, Stojić G, Jevtović Lj: Legijski logor u Viminacijumu: Istraživanja severnog dela utvrđenja u 2020. godini, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2020 godini, Beograd, 2023, pp.49–71.
  • Bogdanović I, Stojić G, Jevtović Lj: Legijski logor u Viminacijumu: Istraživanja južnog i istočnog bedema, Arheologija u Srbiji: projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2021 godini, Beograd, 2024, pp.139–157.
  • Bogdanović I: Izgradnja rimskog amfiteatra na primeru Viminacijuma, Unpublished PhD thesis; University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 2019.
  • Nikolić S, Bogdanović I: Recent Excavations on the Amphitheatre of Viminacium (Upper Moesia), Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Ruse, Bulgaria, September 2012, Ruse, Ruse, 2015, pp.547–555.
  • Milovanović B: Izveštaj sa sistematskih arheoloških iskopavanja na lokalitetu Terme – Viminacijum 2004. Godine, Arheološki pregled n.s. 2/3 (2004/5), Beograd, 2008, pp.51–54.
  • Nikolić E: Contribution to the Study of Roman Architecture in Viminacium: Construction Materials and Building Techniques, Arheologija i prirodne nauke 8, Beograd, 2013, pp.19–46.
  • Nikolić E, Milovanović B, Raičković Savić A: Contribution to the Study of Roman Architecture in Viminacium: Research of Thermae Masonry Techniques, Archaeologica Bulgarica XXI/1, Sofia, 2017, pp.39–58.
  • Bjelić I, Nikolić E: From an Element to a Composition: Reconstruction of a Vault of Terracotta Tubes from Timacum Minus, Serbia, Starinar LXX/2020, Beograd, 2020, pp.173–199.
  • Redžić S, Danković I, Milovanović B: Zaštitna arheološka iskopavanja na lokalitetu Pirivoj (Viminacijum) tokom 2019. godine, Arheologija u Srbiji. Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2019. godini, Beograd, 2021, pp.133–146.
  • Jovičić M, Redžić S: Istraživanje antičke vile rustike na lokalitetu Nad Klepečkom (Viminacim) u 2013. godini, Arheologija u Srbiji. Projekti Arheološkog instituta u 2013. godini, Beograd, 2014, pp. 55–59.
  • Mrđić N: Snabdevanje vodom u antici, Beograd, 2007.
  • Jevtović Lj: Case study – use and reuse of ceramic building material for constructing the graves of ancient Viminacium, Demolire e riciclare. La lunga vita del laterizio Romano nella storia dell’architettura, III convegno internazionale “Laterizio” (Roma, 6–8 marzo 2019), Costruire nel mondo antico, Roma, 2021, pp.317–324.
  • Rakić M: Osnovna Geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Tumač za List Bela Crkva, Beograd, 1979.
  • Milošević G: Ranovizantijska arhitektura na Svetinji, Starinar XXXVIII, Beograd, 1988.
  • Milošević–Jevtić G: The Suburb of the Town of Braničevo – a Model of a 12th – Century Settlement, Processes of Byzantinisation and Serbian Archaeology (Byzantine Heritage and Serbian Art I), Belgrade, 2016.