АУТОР / AUTHOR(S): Ivica Milevski 
, Bojana Aleksova , Slavoljub Dragićević
DOI: 10.46793/CSGE5.20IM
САЖЕТАК / ABSTRACT:
This research investigates the deployment of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for precise geospatial monitoring of Kuklica, a natural monument located near the town of Kratovo, North Macedonia, renowned for its distinctive earth pyramids. Designated as a natural monument in 2008 for its significant scientific and cultural value, Kuklica’s limited area of 0.8 km² poses considerable challenges for conventional monitoring techniques, such as satellite imagery and digital elevation models (DEMs). This study employs small UAV technology to capture high-resolution aerial imagery to address these limitations. A meticulously crafted flight plan, incorporating specific parameters for UAV altitude, camera angles, and imaging intervals was executed to ensure comprehensive data acquisition. Ground control points were strategically placed to enhance the accuracy of the geospatial data. The UAV imagery was processed to generate high-resolution geospatial products, including a 0.1 m precision DEM and orthophoto, combining both in a 3D model. This detailed analysis facilitated the identification of over 100 earth pyramids, with heights ranging from 1 to 8.4 m. A detailed 3D model of the largest pyramids was created, and its accuracy was validated through measurements from the LiDAR module of the iPhone 14 Pro mobile. Additionally, the study assessed erosion rates and identified anthropogenic influences that could contribute to site degradation. The research emphasizes the effectiveness of UAV technology for monitoring and geospatial analysis of geosites and provides a comprehensive framework for ongoing conservation efforts to preserve Kuklica’s unique geological and geomorphological features.
КЉУЧНЕ РЕЧИ / KEYWORDS:
drone survey; geosites; LiDAR; orthophoto; geospatial monitoring; Kuklica; earth pyramids; DEM; erosion assessment; conservation efforts