MODERNISATION AND EUROPEANISATION(S) OF SOUTH-EAST EUROPE SEEN THROUGH CULTURAL TRANSFER EUROPE – THE BALKANS, 1800–1914

SERBIA AND THE BALKANS: THREE CENTURIES OF EMBRACE WITH EUROPE,  [pp. 237-278]  

AUTHOR(S) / AUTOR(I): Slobodan G. Markovich

 

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DOI: 10.46793/7494.189.237M

ABSTRACT / SAŽETAK:

The philosophical geography of the Enlightenment placed the area later known as the Balkan Peninsula into the realm of the East and “barbarity”. Philosophers of the Enlightenment among the Balkan peoples endeavoured to connect their ethnic groups with Europe, opening a long debate about “Europe” in their societies. Europeanisation and modernisation of Balkan Christian states began in the Age of Revolution. There were many local obstacles to this process. This paper discusses the role of these obstacles, including the existence of the “patriarchal zone”, the problem of very high illiteracy rates in the Balkan states, and the region’s unfavourable economic legacy. Difficulties with the local application of the model of the World Capitalist System are also explored. Europeanisation(s) always had their actors, and they have also been included in the analysis. Both foreign (like foreign soldiers, Philhellenes, German romanticists, and American Protestants) and internal actors have been covered, and their roles have been described. The process of Europeanisation(s) is viewed in this paper as something that was materialised through cultural spheres, and the role of cultural spheres (the Francosphere, the Germanosphere, and the Anglosphere) has also been discussed. Changing perceptions of the Balkan states during the 19th century in the main European cultural spheres were sketched. Perceptions had an impact on the pace of local modernisation. Acceleration of Europeanisation(s) through the rise of individuality and technological ad- vancements has also been covered. Some general observations on how European cultural transfer worked are provided at the end of the paper.

KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE REČI:

Europeanisation(s), European cultural transfer, actors of Europeanisation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / PROJEKAT:

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