REDEFINISANJE POJMA RADNIKA U USLOVIMA RADA NA ONLINE PLATFORMAMA

Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost (2019)  str. 959-980

AUTOR(I): Ivana Grubešić

Download FullPdf 

DOI: 10.46793/XVMajsko.959G

SAŽETAK:

Predmet istraživanja je utvrđivanje radnopravnog statusa lica koja rade na online platformama. U uslovima digitalizacije tržišta rada, pružanje usluga na online platformama poput Uber-a, Upwork-a, Deliveroo-a, CitySprint-a, uobičajeno se kvalifikuje kao rad samozaposlenih lica. Ipak, skorija istraživanja karakteristika rada na online platformama pokazuju da se vrlo često ovakav rad može okvalifikovati i kao rad u okviru „prikrivenog radnog odnosa“.

U tom kontekstu, poseban izazov predstavlja dokazivanje elemenata radnog odnosa uzevši u obzir da fleksibilnost, depersonalizacija, postojanje trostranog odnosa (radnik – online platforma – klijent), netransparentnost funkcionisanja online platforme kao osnovnih karakteristika ovakvog rada, otežavaju dokazivanje radnog odnosa. U tom pogledu, predmet istraživanja je utvrđivanje karakteristika položaja lica koje nude usluge na online platformama u odnosu na tipične karakteristike pojma radnika uspostavljene u evropskim državama kao i od strane Evropske unije.

KLJUČNE REČI: 

online platforma, Uber, crowdwork, gig economy, ekonomska podređenost.

LITERATURA:

  • Bjelinski Radić, I., Novi oblici rada kao suvremeni izazov za radno pravo – slučaj Uber,
  • Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci, v. 38, br. 2/2017.
  • Berg, J., Furrer, M., Harmon, E., Rani, U., Silberman, M. S., Digitallabourplatformsandthefuture ofwork– Towards decent work in the online world, International Labour Office, Geneva, 2018.
  • Böheim, R., Muehlberger, U., DependentFormsofSelf-employmentintheUK:IdentifyingWorkers ontheBorderbetweenEmploymentandSelf-employment, IZA DP No. 1963, 2006.
  • Garben, S., Protecting Workers in the Online Platform Economy: An overview of regulatory and policy developments in the EU, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Luxembourg, 2017.
  • Eurofound, New forms of employment, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2015.
  • CEPS/IZA, Online Talent Platforms, Labour Market Intermediaries and the Changing World of Work, 2018
  • Lubarda, B., Radnopravo– Rasprava o dostojanstvu na radu i socijalnom dijalogu, Beograd, 2013.
  • Risak, M., FairWorkingConditionsforPlatformWorkers– Possible Regulatory Approaches at the EU Level, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2017.
  • Risak, M., Dullinge, T., The concept of ‘worker’ in EU law – Status quo and potential for change, Report 140, European Trade Union Institute, Brussels, 2018.
  • Social Protection Rights of Economically Dependent Self-employed Workers, IZA Research Report No. 54., 2013.
  • Schmidt, A. F. DigitalLabourMarketsinthePlatformEconomyMappingthePoliticalChallenges ofCrowdWorkandGigWork, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2017.
  • Florisson, R., Mandl, I., Platform work: Types and implications for work and employment – Literature review, Working paper 18004, Eurofound.
  • Waas, B., Liebman, B. W., Lyubarsky, A., Kezuka, K., Crowdwork – A Comparative Law Perspective, Bund-Verlag, 2017.
  • Yin, M., Suri, S., Gray, L. M., Running Out of Time: The Impact and Value of Flexibility in On- Demand Crowdwork, CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Pravni izvori
  • Direktiva br. 2008/104/EC o o radu preko agencija za privremeno zapošljavanje, Službeni glasnik EU, L327/9, 05.12.2008.
  • Zakon o radničkim pravima (Employment Rights Act 1996, 22.05.1996., consolidated version available: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2352/Employment%20Rights%20Act%201996.pdf Komunikacija Komisije Evropskom Parlamentu, Vijeću, Evropskom Ekonomskom i Socijalnom Vijeću i Vijeću Regija, Evropski program za ekonomiju saradnje, COM(2016) 356 final, Brisel, 02.06.2016
  • MOR, Preporuka br. 198 o radnom odnosu, usvojena 15.06.2006.
  • Prijedlog Uredbe Evropskog Parlamenta i Vijeća o promovisanju pravednosti i transparentnosti za poslovne korisnike elektronskih usluga posredovanja, COM(2018) 238 final, Brussels, 26.4.2018.
  • Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Viertes Buch (IV) – Gemeinsame Vorschriften für die Sozialversicherung, 23. Dezember 1976, BGBl. I S. 3845
Odluke sudova i arbitražnih tribunala
  • C-66/85 Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg EU:C:1986:284.
  • Dewhurst v CitySprint UK Ltd, Central London Employment Tribunal, Case No. 2202512/2016
  • Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain v. RooFoods Limited T/A Deliveroo, Central Arbitration Committee, case No. TUR1/985(2016), 14.11.2017.
  • Uber B.V. („UBV“) & Ors v Aslam & Ors [2018] EWCA Civ 2748
Web-izvori
  • http://faircrowd.work/platform-reviews/ (07.04.2019).
  • https://99designs.com/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_network=g&utm_creative=323339051015&utm_term=99designs&utm_placement=&utm_device=c&utm_campaign=ROW%20%2099designs%20Branded&utm_content=99designs%20%20exact&gclid=Cj0KCQjw19DlBRCSARIsAOnfRejRu-8eUlzgy4C2u3zouOnG54jJUegVbi82QcDz9pMC6HwXJBInlzsaAjXUEALw_wcB (11.04.2019).
  • https://blog.mturk.com/mturk-worker-tips-common-account-issues-7fbb7e350464 (14.04.2019).
  • https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/online-platforms-digital-single-market (10.04.2019). https://help.uber.com/hr-HR/partners/article/vi%C5%A1e-o-ocjenama?nodeId=fa1eb77f-ad79-
  • 4607-9651-72b932be30b7 (12.04.2019).
  • https://www.helpling.com/
  • https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/77191/81721/F691298825/DEU77191.pdf (13.04.2019).
  • https://www.uber.comhttps://www.upwork.com/
  • https://www.upwork.com/legal#generalaudience (15.04.2019).
  • Pseudoself-employment/Employee-likeself-employment,https://www.ihkberlin.de/blob/bihk24/English/en/downloads/4172368/61121ece6ef07b68b34e47e8635d9d09/Pseudo-self-employment-data.pdf (13.04.2019).
  • De Stefano, V., Labor Protection in the Platform Economy, KU Leuven Institute for Labour Law, https://2018.festivaleconomia.eu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=49903fcf-6346-4dab-8a1e-86b91b30786b&groupId=20181 (08.04.2019).
  • De Stefano, V., Wouters, M., Should digital labour platforms be treated as private employment agencies? Foresight Brief #7-April 2019, ETUI, https://www.etui.org/content/download/36217/363575/file/F-B_07_EN_WEB.pdf (08.04.2019).