Contested Identifications: Eastern Christianity between Rome and Constantinople (First Half of the 17th Century)

Identifications of Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Southeastern Europe (c. 1450–c. 1750), 2026,  [pp. 451-488]

 

AUTHOR(S) / AUTOR(I): Ovidiu Olar

 
Download Full Pdf   

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46793/7179.132.8.451O

ABSTRACT / SAŽETAK:

In the first half of the 17th century, two ecclesiastical institutions with universalist vocations asserted competing jurisdictional claims over Eastern Christianity: the Roman Church and the (Greek Orthodox) Patriarchate of Constantinople. Their “struggle for preponderance”2 has generated a substantial body of scholarship, yet many aspects of the broader picture remain underexplored. This paper examines two nearly contemporary descriptions of Eastern Christianity that present it as a coherent whole: one by Kyrillos Loukaris, incumbent Patriarch of Alexandria and future Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1638), and one by Francesco Ingoli, Secretary of the papal Congregation de Propaganda Fide (d. 1649). By reconsidering how these two principal actors positioned themselves and examining their respective narrative strategies, this study seeks to recover nuances that have been obscured by biased, hasty, or one-sided analyses. First, I introduce Ingoli’s Report on the Four Parts of the World. Second, I discuss Loukaris’ correspondence with the Dutch theologian and minister Johannes Wtenbogaert. A comparative reading of these texts – both serving practical purposes while also functioning as ‘identification documents’3 – illuminates the complexities of a long and intricate relationship, and its broader consequences for the Eastern Christian communities.

KEYWORDS / KLJUČNE REČI:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / PROJEKAT:

(Trans-)Formation of Identities: Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Balkans (c.1450–c.1750) -FORMIDOX

REFERENCES / LITERATURA:

Sources
  • Beaven, J. “Cyril Lucar, Patriarch of Constantinople”. The British Magazine and Monthly Register of Religious and Ecclesiastical Information, Parochial History, and Documents Respecting the State of the Poor, Progress of Education, &c. 22 (1842) [September 1], 241–253.
  • Brieven en onuitgegeven stukken van Johannes Wtenbogaert [vol.] 1: 1584–1618, red. Hendrik Rogge. Utrecht: Kemink en zoon, 1868.
  • Çolak, H., Bayraktar-Tellan, E. The Orthodox Church as an Ottoman Institution: A Study of Early Modern Patriarchal Berats. Istanbul: The Isis Press, 2019.
  • Dositheos of Jerusalem, Ἱστορία περὶ τῶν ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις πατριαρχευσάντων. Bucharest: sine loco, 1715.
  • Draganović, K. “Izvješće apostolskog vizitatora Petra Masarechija o prilikama katol(ičkog) naroda u Bugarskoj, Srbiji, Srijemu, Slavoniji i Bosni g. 1623. i 1624.”. Starine 39 (1938), 1–48.
  • Elsie, R. Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, 11th–17th Centuries. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003.
  • Funeral Orations by Saint Gregory Nazianzen and Saint Ambrose, Introduction by Martin R. McGuire. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America, 1968.
  • Grégoire de Nazianze. Discours 42–43, éd. Jean Bernardi. Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1992 [SC 384].
  • Hartsoecker, C., Van Limborch, P. Præstantium ac eruditorum virorum epistolæ ecclesiasticæ et theologicæ varii argumenti… Amsterdam: Henricus Dendrinus, 1660.
  • Henkel, W. “Francesco Ingoli, erster Sekretär der Propaganda Fide, über Druckerpresse und Mission (I–II)”. Communicatio Socialis 3 (1970), 60–72, 160–173.
  • Ingoli, F. Relazione delle Quattro Parti del Mondo, a cura di Fabio Tosi. Città del Vaticano: Urbaniana University Press, 1999.
  • Kotzageorgis, Ph. “The Newly Found Oldest Patriarchal Berat”. Turkish Historical Review 11 (2020), 1–27.
  • Kowalski, N. “Il testamento di Monsignor Ingoli, primo segretario della Sacra Congregazione «de Propaganda Fide»”. Neue Zeitschrift für Missionsgeschichte 19 (1963), 272–283.
  • Legrand, É. Bibliographie hellénique ou description raisonnée des ouvrages publiés par des Grecs au dix-septième siècle [vol.] 4. Paris: Alphonse Picard et fils, 1896.
  • Litteræ missionariorum de Hungaria et Transilvania (1572–1717) [vol.] 1–5, ed. István György Tóth. Rome; Budapest: Bibliotheca Academiæ Hungariæ, 2002–2008.
  • Lucian [vol.] 2. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, 1968.
  • Maxim, M. “Les relations des Pays Roumains avec l’Archevêché d’Ohrid à la lumière de documents turcs inédits”, in: Maxim, M. L’empire ottoman au nord du Danube et l’autonomie des principautés roumaines au XVIe siècle. Études et document. Istanbul-Piscataway, NJ: The Isis Press-Gorgias Press, 1999, 83–107.
  • Paschalidis, S. “Concilium Constantinopolitanum 1484”, in: Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Generaliumque Decreta [vol.] IV/1: The Great Councils of the Orthodox Churches: Decisions and Synodika. From Constantinople 861 to Moscow 2000, eds. Alberto Melloni, Davide Dainese. Brepols: Turnhout, 2016, 219–228.
  • Rački, F. “Izvještaj barskoga nadbiskupa Marina Bizzia o svojem putovanju god. 1610 po Arbanaskoj i Staroj Srbiji”. Starine 20 (1888), 50–156.
  • The Mandaean Book of John. Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary, eds. Ch.G. Häberl, F. McGrath. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2021.
  • Αποστολόπουλος, Δ. Γ. Ο “Ιερός Κώδιξ” του Πατριαρχείου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως στο βˊ μισό του ΙΕ ˊ αιώνα. Τα μόνα γνωστά σπαράγματα. Αθήνα: ΕΙΕ – ΚΝΕ, 1992.
  • Ζαχαριάδου, E. A. Δέκα τουρκικά έγγραφα για την Μεγάλη Εκκλησία (1483–1567). Αθήνα: ΕΙΕ-ΚBΕ, 1996.
  • Παΐζη-Αποστολοπούλου, Μ., Ευαγγέλου, Γ., Αποστολόπουλος, Δ. Γ. Επίσημα κείμενα του Πατριαρχείου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως [τόμος] 2: Τα σωζόμενα από την περίοδο 1498–1565. Αθήνα: ΕΙΕ-IIE, 2021.
  • Παϊζη-Αποστολοπούλου, M., Αποστολόπουλος, Δ. Γ. Επίσημα κείμενα του Πατριαρχείου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως. Τα σωζόμενα από την περίοδο 1454–1498. Αθήνα: EIE-IIE, 2016.
  • Boškov, V. “Turski dokumenti o odnosu katoličke i pravoslavne crkve u Bosni, Her-cegovini i Dalmaciji (XV–XVII vek)”. Spomenik SANU 7 (1992), 7–95.
  • Jačov, M. Spisi kongregacije za propagandu vere u Rimu o Srbima, 1622–1644 [tom] 1. Beograd: SANU, 1986.
Literature
  • Apostolopoulos, D. G. “Continuity and Change: The Patriarchate in the Early Ottoman Period 1: The Survival of a Byzantine Institution”, in: A Companion to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, eds. Christian Gastgeber et al. Leiden; Boston: Brill 2021, 103–117.
  • Blanchet, M.–H. “L’ambiguïté du statut juridique de Gennadios Scholarios après la chute de Constantinople (1453)”, in: Le Patriarcat œcuménique de Constantinople aux XIVe–XVIe siècles: rupture et continuité. Actes du colloque international Rome, 5–6–7 décembre 2005, éd. Paolo Odorico. Paris: EHESS – Centre d’études byzantines, néo-helléniques et sud-est européennes, 2007, 195–211.
  • Blanchet, M.–H. Georges-Gennadios Scholarios (vers 1400 – vers 1472). Un intellectuel orthodoxe face à la disparition de l’empire byzantin. Paris: Institut Français d’Etudes Byzantines, 2008.
  • Borromeo, E. “Le clergé catholique face au pouvoir ottoman. Les brevets de nomination (berât) des évêques et des archevêques (17ème siècle)”, in: Contacts and Controversies between Muslims, Jews and Christians in the Ottoman Empire and Pre-Modern Iran, eds. Camilla Adang, Sabine Schmidtke. Würzburg: Ergon, 2010, 207–222.
  • Brock, S. P. “The Nestorian Church: A Lamentable Misnomer”. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 78/3 (1996), 23–35.
  • Clines, R. J. A Jewish Jesuit in the Eastern Mediterranean: Early Modern Conversion, Mission, and the Construction of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 173–200.
  • Dipratu, R. Regulating Non-Muslim Communities in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Catholics and Capitulations. London; New York: Routledge, 2022.
  • Džaja, S. M. Konfessionalität und Nationalität Bosniens und der Herzegowina: Voremanzipa-torische Phase 1463–1804. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1984.
  • Evangelou, Y. “Les relations entre les monastères et le patriarcat de Constantinople à l’intérieur des frontières ottomanes au XVIe s.: quelques hypothèses”, in: Le patriarcat oecuménique de Constantinople et Byzance hors frontières (1204–1586). Actes de la table ronde organisée dans le cadre du 22e Congrès International des Études Byzantines, Sofia, 22–27 août 2011, eds. Marie-Hélène Blanchet, Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, Dan Ioan Mureşan. Paris: EHESS – Centre d’études byzantines, néo-helléniques et sud-est européennes, 2014, 339–350.
  • Farina, M. “«Chrétiens d’Asie» et Églises syriaques dans les Relationi universali: entre inscriptions géographiques et identifications religieuses”, in: Un mondo di Relazioni. Giovanni Botero e i saperi nella Roma del Cinquecento, a cura di Elisa Andretta, Romain Descendre, Antonella Romano. Rome: Viella, 2021, 459–490.
  • Flannery, J. M. The Mission of the Portuguese Augustinians to Persia and Beyond (1602–1747). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013.
  • Fodor, P. “The Ottomans and their Christians in Hungary”, in: Frontiers of Faith: Religious Exchange and the Constitution of Religious Identities 1400–1750, eds. Eszter Andor, István György Tóth. Budapest: Central European University – European Science Foundation, 2001, 137–147.
  • Fotić, A. “Serbian Orthodox Church”, in: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, eds. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Masters. New York: Facts on File, 2009, 519–520.
  • Gara, E., Olar, O. “Confession-Building and Authority: The Great Church and the Ottoman State in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century”, in: Entangled Confessionalizations? Dialogic Perspectives on the Politics of Piety and Community Building in the Ottoman Empire, 15th–18th Centuries, eds. Tijana Krstić, Derin Terzioğlu. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2022, 159–214.
  • Gavriil Seviros, arcivescovo di Filadelfia a Venezia, e la sua epoca. Atti della Giornata di studio dedicata alla memoria di Manussos Manussacas (Venezia, 26 settembre 2003), a cura di Dimitris G. Apostolopoulos. Venice: Istituto Ellenico du Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini di Venezia, 2004.
  • Germanos Metropolitan of Thyateira, Kyrillos Loukaris, 1572–1638: A Struggle for Preponderance between Protestant and Catholic Powers in the Orthodox East. London: S.P.C.K., 1951.
  • Giordano, S. “Il mondo di Propaganda Fide nelle istruzioni di Francesco Ingoli (1623–1648)”, in: Diplomatische Wissenskulturen der Frühen Neuzeit. Erfahrungsräume und Orte der Wissensproduktion, Hrsg. Guido Braun. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018, 215–234.
  • Girard, A. “Entre croisade et politique culturelle au Levant: Rome et l’union des chrétiens syriens (première moitié du XVIIe siècle)”, in: Papato e politica internazionale nella prima età moderna, a cura di Maria Antoinetta Visceglia. Rome: Viella , 2013, 419–437.
  • Girard, A. “La construction de l’identité confessionnelle maronite à l’époque ottomane (XVIe–XVIIe siècle)”, in: Les chrétiens de tradition syriaque à l’époque ottomane, éd. Bernard Heyberger. Paris: Geuthner, 2020, 153–200.
  • Girard, A. “Le Collège maronite de Rome et les langues au tournant des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Éducation des chrétiens orientaux, science orientaliste et apologétique catholique”. Rivista storica italiana 1 (2020), 272–299.
  • Girard, A., Pizzorusso, G. “The Maronite College in Early Modern Rome: Between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Letters”, in: College Communities Abroad: Education, Migration and Catholicism in Early Modern Europe, eds. Liam Chambers, Thomas O’Connor. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017, 174–197.
  • Gudziak, B. A. Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest. Cambridge, MA: Ukrainian Research Institute; Harvard University, 1998.
  • Haddad, R. M. “Constantinople over Antioch, 1516–1724: Patriarchal Politics in the Ottoman Era”. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 41/2 (1990), 217–238.
  • Hamilton, A. The Copts and the West, 1439–1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Hering, G. Οικουμενικό πατριαρχείο και ευρωπαϊκή πολιτική, 1620–1638, transl. Dimosthenis Kourtovik. Athens: MIET, 2003.
  • Heyberger, B. Les chrétiens du Proche-Orient au temps de la Réforme Catholique (Syrie, Liban, Palestine, XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles, 2nd ed. Rome: École Française de Rome, 2014.
  • Hofmann SJ, G. Il Vicariato Apostolico di Costantinopoli 1453–1830. Rome: PIO, 1935.
  • Inalcık, H. “Ottoman Archival Materials on Millets”, in: From Empire to Republic: Essays on Ottoman and Turkish Social History. Istanbul: The Isis Press, 1995, 91–103.
  • İnalcık, H. “The Status of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch under the Ottomans”. Turcica 21–22 (1991), 407–435.
  • Kennerley, S. Rome and the Maronites in the Renaissance and Reformation. The Formation of Religious Identity in the Early Modern Mediterranean. London; New York: Routledge, 2022.
  • Konortas, P. Les rapports juridiques et politiques entre le patriarcat orthodoxe de Constantinople et l’administration ottomane de 1453 à 1600 (d’après les documents grecs et ottomans) [PhD Thesis]. Paris: Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 1985.
  • Krstić, A. “The Orthodox Church in Northern Serbia during the First Century of Ottoman Rule (1459–1557)”, in: Politics and Society in Central and South-East Europe: Life under the Shadow of the Ottoman Empire’s Expansion (15th–16th Centuries), ed. Zsuzsanna Copeczny. Cluj-Napoca: Mega, 2021, 21–36.
  • Laurent, V. “Le titre de patriarche œcuménique et la signature patriarcale. Recherches de diplomatique et de sigillographie byzantines”. Revue des études byzantines 6 (1948), 5–26.
  • Martínez d’Alòs-Moner, A. Envoys of a Human God: The Jesuit Mission to Christian Ethiopia, 1557–1632. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015.
  • Martinez, A. “Francisco Álvares”, in: Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History [vol.] 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500–1600), eds. David Thomas, John A. Chesworth. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015, 781–790.
  • Meinardus, O. F. A. Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2002.
  • Metzler, J. “Francesco Ingoli, der erste Sekretär der Kongregation (1578–1649)”, in: Sacræ Congregationis de Propaganda Fide memoria rerum: 350 anni a servizio delle missioni, 1622–1972 [vol.] I/1: 1622–1700, ed. Josef Metzler. Rome; Freiburg; Vienna: Herder, 1971, 197–243 [Italian version: Ingoli, F. Relazione delle Quattro Parti del Mondo, ed. Fabio Tosi. Città del Vaticano: Urbaniana University Press, 1999, 291–332].
  • Metzler, J. “Mezzi e modi per l’evangelizzazione dei popoli secondo Francesco Ingoli”. Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana. Annales 341 (1967–1968), 38–50.
  • Molnár, A. “Baluardi mediterranei del cattolicesimo sul confine d’Europa: Ragusa e Cattaro tra missioni romane, politica veneziana e realtà balcaniche”, in: Papato e politica internazionale nella prima età moderna, a cura di Maria Antoinetta Visceglia. Rome: Viella, 2013, 363–372.
  • Molnár, A. Confessionalization on the Frontier: The Balkan Catholics between Roman Reform and Ottoman Reality. Rome: Viella, 2019.
  • Molnár, A. Le Saint-Siège, Raguse et les missions catholiques de la Hongrie ottomane 1572–1647. Rome; Budapest: Accademia d’Ungheria; Bibliothèque Nationale de Hongrie; Société pour l’Encyclopédie de l’Histoire de l’Église en Hongrie, 2007.
  • Morini, E. Patriarcati, concili, imperatore. Ricerche storico-ecclesiologiche tra Oriente e Occidente. Spoleto: CISAM, 2018.
  • Muntán, E. “Uneasy Agents of Tridentine Reforms: Catholic Missionaries in Southern Ottoman Hungary and Their Local Competitors in the Early Seventeenth Century”. Journal of Early Modern Christianity 7/1 (2020), 151–175.
  • Mureșan, D. I. “Girolamo Lando, titulaire du Patriarcat de Constantinople (1474–1497), et son rôle dans la politique orientale du Saint-Siège”. Annuario dell’Istituto Romeno di Cultura e Ricerca Umanistica di Venezia 8 (2006), 153–258.
  • Mureşan, D. I. “Rome hérétique? Sur les décisions des conciles de Moscou et de Constantinople (1589, 1590 et 1593)”. Mélanges de l’École française de Rome 126 (2014), 275–288.
  • Murre-van den Berg, H. Scribes and Scriptures: The Church of the East in the Eastern Ottoman Provinces (1500–1850). Leuven: Peeters, 2015.
  • Nassif, Ch. “La révision liturgique du métropolite melkite d’Alep Malâtyûs Karma et les réformes liturgiques dans les pays d’Europe de l’Est au XVIIe siècle”, in: Europe in Arabic Sources: “The Travels of Macarius”, Patriarch of Antioch, eds. Yulia Petrova, Ioanna Feodorov. Kyiv: A. Krymsky Institute of Oriental Studies of the NASU, 2016, 117–134.
  • Neale, J. M. A History of the Holy Eastern Church: The Patriarchate of Alexandria [vol.] 2. London: Joseph Masters, 1847.
  • Olar, O. “Libertà et licenza… di stampare mille heræsie et schismi: The Propaganda Fide and the Greek Printing Press at Constantinople (1627–1628)”, in: Arabic-Type Books Printed in Wallachia, Istanbul, and Beyond, eds. Radu Dipratu, Samuel Noble. Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter, 2024, 89–120.
  • Olar, O.–V. La boutique de Théophile. Les relations du patriarche de Constantinople Kyrillos Loukaris (1570–1638) avec la Réforme. Paris: EHESS – Centre d’études byzantines, néo-helléniques et sud-est européennes, 2019.
  • Païzi-Apostolopoulou, M. “Continuity and Change: The Patriarchate in the Early Ottoman Period 2: Institutions and Administration: Continuity and Rupture”, in: A Companion to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, eds. Christian Gastgeber et al. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2021, 118–129.
  • Panchenko, C. A. Arab Orthodox Christians under the Ottomans: 1516–1831, transl. Brittany Pheiffer Noble, Samuel Noble. New York: Holy Trinity Seminary Press, 2016.
  • Papademetriou, T. Render unto the Sultan: Power, Authority, and the Greek Orthodox Church in the Early Ottoman Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Perczel, I. “Syriac Christianity in India”, in: The Syriac World, eds. Daniel King. London; New York: Routledge, 2019, 653–697.
  • Pilat, L. Studii privind relaţiile Moldovei cu Sfântul Scaun şi Patriarhia Ecumenică (secolele XIV–XVI). Iaşi: Editura Universității “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 2012.
  • Pippidi, A. “Diplomaţie şi ortodoxie: Moldova în proiectele propagandei calvine (1630)”, in: Viam inveniam aut faciam: In Honorem Ştefan Andreescu, eds. Ovidiu Cristea, Petronel Zahariuc, Gheordhe Lazăr. Iaşi: Editura Universităţii “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 2012, 349–366.
  • Pissis, N. “The Image of the Moscow Patriarchate in the Eastern Church: Status and Legitimacy”, in: Russia’s Early Modern Orthodox Patriarchate [vol.] 1: Foundations and Mitred Royalty, 1589–1647, eds. Kevin M. Kain, David Goldfrank. Washington: Academica Press, 2020, 49–69.
  • Pissis, N. “Visions of Orthodox Unity in the Seventeenth Century”, in: Westliche Konfessionskirchen und orthodoxes Christentum als Thema der Interkonfessionalitätsforschu ng, Hrsg. Christina Alexiou, Daniel Haas. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2024, 55–70.
  • Pizzorusso, G. “Cardinals and the Congregation of the Propaganda Fide”, in: A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal, eds. Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden, Arnold Witte. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2019, 419–432.
  • Pizzorusso, G. “Conoscere per convertire. Botero, le Relazioni universali e l’evangelizzazione”, in: Un mondo di Relazioni. Giovanni Botero e i saperi nella Roma del Cinquecento, a cura di Elisa Andretta, Romain Descendre, Antonella Romano. Rome: Viella, 2021, 135–175.
  • Pizzorusso, G. “Francesco Ingoli”. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 62 (2004), 388–391. Pizzorusso, G. “The New World by Francesco Ingoli, First Secretary of Propaganda Fide”, in: A Companion to the History of the Roman Curia, ed. Donald S. Prudlo. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2025, 321–336.
  • Pizzorusso, G. Governare le missioni, conoscere il mondo nel XVII secolo. La Congregazione pontificia de Propaganda Fide. Viterbo: Sette città, 2018.
  • Pizzorusso, G. Propaganda fide [vol.] 1: La congregazione pontificia e la giurisdizione sulle missioni. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2022.
  • Ronchi De Michelis, L. “La diplomazia pontificia alla conquista della slavia ortodossa: dall’Unione di Firenze ai ‘falsi Demetri’”, in: Papato e politica internazionale nella prima età moderna, a cura di Maria Antoinetta Visceglia. Rome: Viella, 2013, 345–361.
  • Santus, C. “A Triangular Relationship: The Role of Eastern Patriarchates, Rome, and Ottoman Authorities in Shaping the Christian Communities of the Empire”, in: La division de l’Église rūm d’Antioche en 1724 et la construction des identités confessionnelles orthodoxe et catholique, éd. Bernard Heyberger, Željko Paša, Ronney el Gemayel. Beirut: CEDRAC, 2024, 85–113.
  • Santus, C. “The Roman Curia and the Eastern Churches, 1500–1800: Diplomacy, Cultural Policy, Mission, and Confessional Control”, in: A Companion to the History of the Roman Curia, ed. Donald S. Prudlo. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2025, 285–301.
  • Sekulić, A. “The ‘Ahdnâme of Bosnia: Diplomacy, Hagiography, Memory”. Turcica 53 (2022), 233–266.
  • Senyk, S. “Methodius Terlec’kyj – Bishop of Xolm”. Analecta Ordinis S. Basilii Magni 12 (1985), 342–373.
  • Šuletić, N. S. “Usurpations of and Designated Successions to the Throne in the Serbian Patriarchate: The Case of Patriarch Moses Rajović (1712–24)”. Balcanica 52 (2021), 47–67.
  • Tchentsova, V. G. “Le clergé grec entre Rome et Moscou au XVIIe siècle au prisme des archives italiennes et russes”. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique moderne et contemporain 8 (2023), 217–261.
  • Tchentsova, V. G. “Moscou face à la tentation protestante du patriarche oecuménique Cyrille Loukaris”, in: L’Union à l’épreuve du formulaire. Professions de foi entre Églises d’Orient et d’Occident (XIIIe–XVIIIe siècle), éd. Marie-Hélène Blanchet, Frédéric Gabriel. Leuven: Peeters, 2016, 311–340.
  • Teoteoi, T. Byzantina et Daco-Romana: Studii de istorie şi civilizaţie bizantină şi românească medievală. Bucharest: Omonia, 2008.
  • Tóth, I. G. “A mohácsi plébános, a budai pasa és a kálvinista konstantinápolyi pátriárka. Don Simone Matkovich levelei a Hitterjesztés Szent Kongregációjához (1622–1635)”. Ráday Gyűjtemény Évkönyve 8 (1997), 185–252.
  • Tóth, I. G. “Catholic Missionaries as Turkish Prisoners in Ottoman Hungary in the Seventeenth Century”, in: Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders (Early Fifteenth–Early Eighteenth Centuries), eds. Geza Dávid, Pál Fodor. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007, 115–140.
  • Tsakiris, V. “Cyril Loukaris’ Grand Anti-Polish Plan and the Dutch-English Policy in Eastern Europe”, in: Trame controluce. Il patriarca “protestante” Cirillo Loukaris / Backlighting Plots. The “Protestant” Patriarch Cyril Loukaris, a cura di Viviana Nosilia, Marco Prandoni. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015, 45–65.
  • Vetochnikov, K. “The Creation of the Moscow Patriarchate: Acts, Canonical Consequences and Reception by the Ancient Patriarchs”, in: Autocephaly: Coming of Age in Communion. Historical, Canonical, Liturgical, and Theological Studies [vol.] 1, eds. Edward G. Farrugia, Željko Paša. Rome: PIO, 2023, 1099–1135.
  • Windler, Ch. “Ambiguous Belongings: How Catholic Missionaries in Persia and the Roman Curia Dealt with Communicatio in Sacris”, in: A Companion to Early Modern Catholic Global Missions, ed. Ronnie Po-chia Hsia. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2018, 205–234.
  • Windler, Ch. Missionaries in Persia: Cultural Diversity and Competing Norms in Global Catholicism, transl. Pamela E. Selwyn. London etc.: I. B. Tauris, 2024.
  • Κονόρτας, Π. Οθωμανικές θεωρήσεις για το Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο, 17ος – αρχές 20ου αιώνα. Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια, 1998.
  • Κονόρτας, Π. “H οθωμανική κρίση του τέλους του ιστˊαιώνα και το Oικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο”. Tα Iστορικά 2/3 (1985), 45–76.
  • Μανούσακας, Μ. Ι. “Αὐτόγραφο γράμμα (1617) τοῦ Κυρίλλου Λουκάρεως στὸν Ὁλλανδὸλόγιο David de Wilhem”. Μεσαιωνικὰ καὶ Νέα Ἑλληνικά 1 (1984), 453–461.
  • Παϊζη-Αποστολοπούλου, M. Ο θεσμός της πατριαρχικής εξαρχίας, 14ος–19ος αιώνας. Αθήνα: ΕΙΕ – ΚΝΕ, 1995.
  • Snѣgarovъ, I. Istoriя na Ohridskata arhiepiskopiя-patriaršiя [vol.] 2: Ot pada-neto ѝ pod turcite do neйnoto uniщoženie (1394–1767). Sofiя: AI “Prof. Marin Drinov”, 1995.
  • Šuletić, N. “Berat patrijarha Kalinika I”. Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju 83 (2011), 97–104.
  • Šuletić, N. “Podaci o beratima arhijereja Pećke i Ohridske arhiepiskopije u defte-ru prihoda Kancelarije crkvenih mukata (BOA, KK 2542–33)”. Srpske studije 1 (2010), 177–193.
  • Šuletić, N. “Srpska crkva posle 1459. godine: O integraciji srpskog klera u turski fiskalni sistem”, u: Pad Srpske despotovine 1459. godine: zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa, održanog 12–14. novembra 2009. godine, ur. Momčilo Spremić. Beograd: Srpska Akademija nauka i umetnosti, 2011, 331–349.